我國民辦教育的發展動力

和獨特貢獻回望

現在民辦教育整體上是5300多萬在校學生，學校數是18萬多所，相當于5個學生當中有1個在民辦學校讀書，3所學校當中有一所是民辦學校。民辦教育從2002年民促法出臺以后到2018年底增加了4200萬，民辦學校增加了12萬所；與此同時，公辦學校減少了28萬所，公辦學校在校生減少了2200萬；第三組數據，2003年國家在教育領域投入的財政性教育經費約3500億，到2018年達到37000億，增長了10倍以上，但是財政資金99%用在公辦，只有1%用在民辦，而民辦教育卻向社會提供了近20%的公共教育服務。把這三組數據結合起來必然得到一個判斷，民辦教育為什么能夠快速發展？因為人民選擇了民辦教育，民辦教育的發展是人民選擇的結果，因為它能更好地滿足人民對多樣化優質教育的需要，這是我們對民辦教育一個最重要的判斷：民辦教育是人民選擇的結果。

　　一、民辦教育發展的兩大動力模式

　　早期民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)立(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)“補充論(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)之上，主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)增加教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機會。進入本世紀以后(hou)(hou)，公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)在(zai)(zai)數量上得到比較充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，特別(bie)在(zai)(zai)義(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)領域(yu)(yu)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)找到了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)理由，叫“選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇論(lun)”：民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提供(gong)公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)不能滿足的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇性需(xu)(xu)要(yao)。新時期以后(hou)(hou)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)能在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)樣(yang)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上繼續發(fa)展(zhan)呢(ni)？顯然“補充論(lun)”還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)，在(zai)(zai)高(gao)等教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、高(gao)中教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、職業教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)等等方面，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)仍(reng)然可以發(fa)揮(hui)數量補充的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。但在(zai)(zai)義(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)領域(yu)(yu)，主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)建(jian)立(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)“選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇論(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，它(ta)要(yao)提供(gong)更(geng)加多(duo)樣(yang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)產品。這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)個“選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇論(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念(nian)目前是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)們社會對民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種基(ji)本共識，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不對的(de)(de)(de)(de)。因為選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每一(yi)(yi)個公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)，并(bing)非(fei)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學習那(nei)(nei)20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)，所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人都愿(yuan)意選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇，那(nei)(nei)么(me)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)今(jin)后(hou)(hou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否都應該變成(cheng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)呢(ni)？這(zhe)顯然不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)想法(fa)，所以民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)下一(yi)(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)有(you)一(yi)(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念(nian)基(ji)礎(chu)，這(zhe)個觀念(nian)我(wo)把(ba)它(ta)叫做“優(you)(you)勢論(lun)”，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)今(jin)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)應該建(jian)立(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)優(you)(you)于公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)個判(pan)斷基(ji)礎(chu)之上。當然，這(zhe)個判(pan)斷學術界也有(you)很多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)議(yi)，可以繼續爭(zheng)論(lun)。

　 義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)情(qing)況非常特殊，在(zai)16年(nian)(nian)時間當中(zhong)（2003-2018），民辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)增長(chang)2200所，學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)增加1000萬(wan)；與(yu)此同時，義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)階段公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)28萬(wan)所，學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)4400萬(wan)，這與(yu)上面(mian)說的(de)數據(ju)沒沖突，因為在(zai)非義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)階段公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)也有(you)增長(chang)，所以公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)最多的(de)是(shi)義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)階段，但國家投(tou)入義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)經費不是(shi)增加了(le)(le)(le)(le)10倍，而是(shi)增加了(le)(le)(le)(le)15倍，但是(shi)義(yi)(yi)務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)階段公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)少(shao)干了(le)(le)(le)(le)四(si)分之一的(de)活，學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)四(si)分之一。學(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)也值得(de)特別關注，它是(shi)目前民辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)在(zai)規模上唯一超過公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)領域(yu)，占比(bi)從2003年(nian)(nian)24%現在(zai)占比(bi)到(dao)56.69%，超過了(le)(le)(le)(le)公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)。從2010年(nian)(nian)到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)，公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)園(yuan)(yuan)所增長(chang)翻(fan)倍，但是(shi)在(zai)園(yuan)(yuan)兒(er)童只(zhi)增加了(le)(le)(le)(le)園(yuan)(yuan)所數的(de)四(si)分之一左右。如果2010年(nian)(nian)以后新建園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)潛力得(de)到(dao)充分挖掘(jue)，就(jiu)基本上可以滿足(zu)普惠園(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)園(yuan)(yuan)兒(er)童的(de)規模需求，這樣也就(jiu)不必要把大家都搞(gao)得(de)雞飛狗跳(tiao)。2010年(nian)(nian)到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)，民辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)園(yuan)(yuan)增長(chang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)60%幾，但是(shi)在(zai)園(yuan)(yuan)兒(er)童增長(chang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)80%多，比(bi)較公(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、民辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間這兩個有(you)反差(cha)，再(zai)次表明是(shi)人民選擇了(le)(le)(le)(le)民辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)。

民(min)辦(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)也并非只(zhi)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)城市(shi)，農村一樣在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)社會存(cun)在(zai)(zai)沒(mei)有被公辦(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)滿足(zu)的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，就是(shi)民(min)辦(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)空間。沒(mei)有滿足(zu)可以(yi)有兩種理解，一個(ge)是(shi)數量上，一是(shi)品類(lei)上，品類(lei)包括(kuo)不(bu)(bu)同質量、不(bu)(bu)同服務形態等等。由于現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)社會對教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)多樣化(hua)的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與公辦(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)“公平約束”之間存(cun)在(zai)(zai)深(shen)刻的(de)(de)、難以(yi)調和的(de)(de)矛盾，繼續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)民(min)辦(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)就成為教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。我(wo)認為，實現(xian)(xian)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)”最重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)制(zhi)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求就是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)障民(min)辦(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，否則如何滿足(zu)人(ren)們對美(mei)好教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)呢(ni)？

二、民辦教育對教育事業的獨特貢獻

前(qian)面(mian)有領導和嘉賓講(jiang)(jiang)了民辦(ban)(ban)教育有十大貢獻，這個提法是目前(qian)教育部對(dui)民辦(ban)(ban)教育的(de)積極肯(ken)定，但我(wo)下面(mian)要(yao)講(jiang)(jiang)三點民辦(ban)(ban)教育的(de)獨特貢獻。

第(di)一(yi)個(ge)方面，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)推(tui)動了(le)(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)或者辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)權(quan)(quan)(quan)從政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)壟斷向政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)與(yu)社(she)會(hui)分(fen)享(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)回歸。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)本來(lai)(lai)是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，人類社(she)會(hui)有(you)史以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)最(zui)(zui)早是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)，后來(lai)(lai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)有(you)興(xing)趣也(ye)來(lai)(lai)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)長時期內(nei)是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)同時在(zai)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)，古今中(zhong)外全球皆然(ran)。但是(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)1949年(nian)之后，在(zai)50年(nian)代，大(da)陸的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)權(quan)(quan)(quan)被(bei)取(qu)消了(le)(le)，這(zhe)(zhe)種政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)壟斷辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況一(yi)直延(yan)續到(dao)七十年(nian)代末(mo)。改革開放以(yi)(yi)后，社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)需求勃發，公辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)滿足(zu)不(bu)了(le)(le)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)興(xing)起。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐再(zai)次(ci)表明教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)由民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)來(lai)(lai)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，而且在(zai)若干領(ling)域可(ke)以(yi)(yi)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比公辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)更好，由此推(tui)動教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)（辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)權(quan)(quan)(quan)）向民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)共(gong)享(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)回歸。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)貢獻(xian)是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)最(zui)(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)貢獻(xian)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)就(jiu)(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)身份。憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)促進法(fa)(fa)(fa)里面都鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)勵民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)，但這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)勵的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)是(shi)你(ni)有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)勵公民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)和(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)組(zu)織(zhi)使用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)對民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)申(shen)請的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)不(bu)是(shi)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)你(ni)有(you)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，而是(shi)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)你(ni)滿不(bu)滿足(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)條件和(he)(he)要(yao)求，否則地(di)方政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)哪有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)來(lai)(lai)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)你(ni)有(you)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)呢？公民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)只能由法(fa)(fa)(fa)律來(lai)(lai)確定，不(bu)是(shi)地(di)方政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)了(le)(le)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)(xue)權(quan)(quan)(quan)向民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)回歸，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)就(jiu)(jiu)獲得(de)了(le)(le)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律基礎。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)最(zui)(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)，但是(shi)被(bei)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)界所(suo)忽略了(le)(le)。

第二個(ge)方面，初(chu)步驗(yan)證(zheng)了(le)民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)優于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)假說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。根(gen)據我的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究結果，民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)優于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)，當然(ran)我們可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)得更加保(bao)守一(yi)(yi)(yi)點，是(shi)(shi)(shi)初(chu)步檢驗(yan)。通過前面說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)組(zu)數據，我們得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)判斷(duan)，民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)比(bi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)更有效(xiao)率。因為民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)有個(ge)特點，凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校都將被市場無情的(de)(de)(de)(de)淘汰，所(suo)以(yi)留下(xia)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)校會越來(lai)(lai)越好(hao)，越來(lai)(lai)越適應市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。第二個(ge)判斷(duan)，民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)比(bi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)有更多(duo)選(xuan)(xuan)擇，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度特征。現在我們有關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策要限制民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇性，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)令(ling)(ling)人難(nan)以(yi)理解的(de)(de)(de)(de)。第三(san)個(ge)判斷(duan)，民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)比(bi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)更少不(bu)(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。在學(xue)校內部，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)都有公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題需(xu)要處(chu)理，但(dan)在學(xue)校之(zhi)間(jian)只(zhi)有公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)才(cai)有公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題，民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校之(zhi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)存(cun)在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題（這(zhe)(zhe)里暫不(bu)(bu)(bu)討論(lun)“國(guo)有民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)”學(xue)校引(yin)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)在民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題）。最近有一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法，認為民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校把(ba)好(hao)生都招走了(le)，對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校不(bu)(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)缺(que)(que)乏常識的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)只(zhi)有在分配(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)才(cai)會產生，學(xue)生不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共資源，他(ta)有自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇權，是(shi)(shi)(shi)你(ni)(ni)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校沒(mei)有辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)好(hao)我才(cai)要去民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校，而不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我去了(le)民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校你(ni)(ni)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)學(xue)校就辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)了(le)。當然(ran)，政(zheng)府推(tui)進(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)也做了(le)很(hen)多(duo)工(gong)作，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)果并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)令(ling)(ling)人滿意。比(bi)如上海地區通過了(le)義務教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)基本均衡縣驗(yan)收，但(dan)就“生均教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)儀器設備(bei)值”這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項指標校際差(cha)距(ju)可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到3-8倍；在全(quan)(quan)國(guo)范(fan)圍(wei)內，學(xue)校之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合差(cha)距(ju)在2-4倍。政(zheng)府不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)想推(tui)進(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)存(cun)在制度缺(que)(que)陷，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)球性的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)在全(quan)(quan)球范(fan)圍(wei)搞(gao)得好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)少，搞(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度缺(que)(que)陷。

第三(san)個方(fang)面，民(min)(min)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育通過(guo)帕累(lei)托改(gai)進和(he)自(zi)由(you)選(xuan)擇機制(zhi)開(kai)(kai)辟了改(gai)善教(jiao)(jiao)育公(gong)平(ping)(ping)的新路徑。民(min)(min)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育對(dui)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)的貢(gong)獻有三(san)種方(fang)式(shi)，一是增加(jia)教(jiao)(jiao)育機會；二(er)是民(min)(min)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育的存在(zai)使得(de)公(gong)辦學(xue)校(xiao)生均公(gong)共財政資金(jin)增加(jia)，這個多出的份(fen)額(e)優先流向了薄(bo)弱學(xue)校(xiao)、弱勢群體和(he)欠發達(da)地區，民(min)(min)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育讓窮人(ren)得(de)到更多的好處，促(cu)進了教(jiao)(jiao)育公(gong)平(ping)(ping)。所以，任何損害民(min)(min)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育的政策最終都將損害窮人(ren)和(he)社會弱勢群體的利益。最后，由(you)于(yu)民(min)(min)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育讓那些特別(bie)不(bu)滿意(yi)公(gong)辦教(jiao)(jiao)育的人(ren)離開(kai)(kai)了，留(liu)下來(lai)的生源更均衡，教(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)都可(ke)以更加(jia)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)。

我們為什么需要民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)？一是民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)為人(ren)們提供了主動尋找優(you)質教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)；二是民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)能夠更好的(de)(de)滿(man)足(zu)人(ren)們對多樣化(hua)優(you)質教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)需要；三是中國民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展揭示了超越(yue)傳統公辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)正確方向。由于伴(ban)隨工業文明產生(sheng)的(de)(de)傳統公辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)制度(du)局限在與中國民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)比較中得到充分揭示，這樣我們就可以在全(quan)球范圍內(nei)重(zhong)新理解民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與公辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)制度(du)比較，從(cong)而為人(ren)類社(she)會(hui)(hui)今后的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)制度(du)選擇提供新的(de)(de)思路。因此，深刻認識民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)制度(du)優(you)勢，創造(zao)性(xing)地發(fa)(fa)展民(min)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)，將(jiang)會(hui)(hui)成為中國教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)對人(ren)類教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)偉大貢獻！